Most children enter the public education system around ages five or
six. The American school year traditionally begins at the end of August
or the day after Labor Day in September, after the traditional summer
recess. Children are assigned into year groups known as grades,
beginning with
preschool, followed by
kindergarten and culminating in
twelfth grade.
Children customarily advance together from one grade to the next as a
single cohort or "class" upon reaching the end of each school year in
late May or early June.
The American educational system comprises 12 grades of study over 12
calendar years of primary and secondary education before graduating, and
often becoming eligible for admission to
higher education.
[15] After pre-kindergarten and
kindergarten,
there are five years in primary school (normally known as elementary
school). After completing five grades, the student will enter junior
high or middle school and then high school to get the high school
diploma.
[15]
The U.S. uses
ordinal numbers (e.g.,
first grade)
for identifying grades. Typical ages and grade groupings in public and
private schools may be found through the U.S. Department of Education.
Generally, elementary school (k-5), middle school (6-8), and high school
(9-12). However there are a rising number of variations the most
popular being elementary (k-4), intermediate (5-6), middle (7-8), and
high school (9-12).
[16] Many different variations exist across the country.
Education in the United States
Students completing high school may choose to attend a college or university.
Undergraduate degrees may be either
associate's degrees or
bachelor's degrees (baccalaureate)
Community college
typically offer two-year associate's degrees, although some community
colleges offer a limited number of bachelor's degrees. Some community
college students choose to
transfer
to a four-year institution to pursue a bachelor's degree. Community
colleges are generally publicly funded and offer career certifications
and part-time programs.
Four-year institutions may be
public or
private colleges or universities.
Most public institutions are
state universities, which are sponsored by
state governments and typically receive funding through some combination of taxpayer funds, tuition, private donations,
federal grants, and proceeds from endowments. State universities are organized in a wide variety of ways, and many are part of a
state university system. However, not all public institutions are state universities. The five
service academies, one for each branch of the
armed forces, are completely funded by the
federal government; the academies train students (cadets or midshipmen) to be
commissioned officers in exchange for a mandatory term of military service. Additionally, some
local governments (counties and cities) have four-year institutions of their own - one example is the
City University of New York.
Private institutions are privately funded and there is wide variety
in size, focus, and operation. Some private institutions are large
research universities, while others are small
liberal arts colleges that concentrate on undergraduate education. Some private universities are
nonsectarian while others are religiously affiliated. While most private institutions are non-profit, a number are
for profit.
Curriculum varies widely depending on the institution. Typically, an undergraduate student will be able to select an
academic major or concentration, which comprises the main or special subjects, and students may change their major one or more times.
Some students, typically those with a bachelor's degree, may chose to continue on to
graduate or
professional school. Graduate degrees may be either
master's degrees (e.g.,
M.S.,
M.B.A.,
M.S.W.) or
doctorates (e.g.,
Ph.D.,
J.D.,
M.D.).
Academia-focused graduate school typically includes some combination of coursework and research (often requiring a
thesis or
dissertation), while professional school (e.g.,
medical,
law,
business) grants a
first professional degree and aims to prepare students to enter a learned profession.